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be earth is in danger

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future cosmic events are going to blast

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burn for repost assurance

4
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universes incredibly violent there are
huge events going on all time

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one day life on Earth will become
impossible

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there will be disasters in the future
and one of them

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will destroy

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to save mankind will have to find other
places

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to call home it really has to be our
destiny to move off the earth

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if we are going to survive it's as
simple as that

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we need an insurance policy must do it
must get started now

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will need a lifeboat a new homes amongst
the stars

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and this is how we could do

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0

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the earth as far as we know it's the
only home

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to life in the universe

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birth such an ideal environment for life

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everything about her body's for biology
or 
chemistry appalled here on earth

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literally are on the perfect space ship
of

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but are perfect space ship is careening
through a cosmic minefield

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I'll

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when every 30 million years old

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unnatural work cosmic disaster it's the
earth so hard

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that millions creatures go extinct

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extinction events tend to kill off the
dominant species

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10 right now data us

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certainly true that an extinction event
it's the large and powerful to get wiped

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out

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Diego so you know that if there's an
extension on earth

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we humans are vulnerable were in a
category at large and powerful

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of

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the only way for humankind to survive
global extinction

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used to spread our genes to more than
one planet

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we have no choice

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the law evolution geology and physics
the alternative

36
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is death an extension will have to build

37
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a giant space craft capable of crossing
interstellar space

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and colonizing distant worlds around
other stars

39
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duly sensually me

40
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a new dole's hard but is going to be a
space market has the

41
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in cab SLE all other divers the Abarth
inside this one ship

42
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the space arc will have to be huge big
enough to house the thousands of people

43
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needed to create a healthy gene pool on
the new plans

44
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too massive to construct on earth the
giant Kraft will have to be built in

45
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space

46
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far from the pool hurts gravity

47
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but building a shipyard in the sky

48
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was no small challenge

49
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nasa is tackling it head on

50
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generation Eddie with rockets copy SLs

51
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ICDs alas as a capability that's going
to allow us to put an industrial base

52
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between the earth in the moon after we
do that

53
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and we're out there routinely working in
space that's when we'll assemble the

54
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craft it'll take us to the stars

55
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yo bus johnson's job is to plan the
future of space exploration

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today he's observing test-firing mobile
one

57
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20 scale model SLs

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real deal takes all

59
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2032

60
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the SLS will become the most powerful
rocket

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ever launched the SLs

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is be it's going to give us the
capability to take lots of stuff up

63
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Beachwalk and it can be big for you and
you could potentially

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launch three of these big rockets versus
perhaps fifteen or twenty

65
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at the other rockets we have available
today to get the same amount of material

66
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out in space lesson visions

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SLs rockets taking prefabricated units
beyond rumors were

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where space engineers will assemble them
into a colossal

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industrial workshop

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miners will then fly out to different
bodies in the solar system

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to collect the ball materials needed to
build the space arc

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will have factories on the moon

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perhaps even beyond that on China rocks

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inside the asteroid belt

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asteroids have a fraction Earth's
gravity here

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it will be much easier to build massive
sections

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lift them to the arc as it begins to
take shape

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the inner solar system will provide all
we need to make the giant superstructure

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the space arc but there's something
missing

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colonizing a distant world will require
a propulsion system

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faster than anything we've ever built
spaces huge our solar system issued

82
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I even get to Mars would take almost a
year but

83
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its that's nothing compared to exploring
the distance between start

84
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near stars for our on are several light
years away

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even light the fastest thing in the
universe take several years to get there

86
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the Suns closest neighbor is a triple
star system

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called out the Suntory

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a spaceship burning conventional

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take tens of thousands of years to get
there

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the crew would die of old age long
before the ship arrived

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sold what fuel to use

92
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Wed

93
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science fiction appears to have the
solution but it sounds too good to be

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true

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0 every chechyan their heart of hearts
knows that is

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anti-matter anti-matter is the fuel for
an interstellar chip

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anti-matter Israel

98
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we create a few Adams anti-matter every
year and high-energy particle colliders

99
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it's the mirror image have all the
matter that we see around us

100
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it has an explosive property it would
make it

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the most efficient rocket fuel ever
created

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here's a cool thing about anti-matter
with anti-matter and matter

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meet very a highly charms

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that means that the matter

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ceases to exist

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they convert into pure energy

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its own 100 percent efficient process
scientists have calculated that a rocket

108
00:07:04,348 --> 00:07:07,788
powered by anti-matter could reach 15
percent

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speed of light that's fast enough to get
to the moon

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in 8 1/2 seconds I'll we will have
almost

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unlimited power we could travel anywhere
in the universe we want

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%uh our space arc

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could reach office and Tori in just over
28 years

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on well within the lifetime a bitumen
payload

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now this sounds like a great idea right
let's get together a lot anti-matter

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let's create some anti-matter

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and this combined with regular battery
we have this outstanding energy source

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by anti-matter every while

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and that is exactly was advantages
witness matter

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is going on I like bakery energy fill a
conventional fuel tank

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with a single pounded anti-matter and
you'll get an explosion

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more powerful than thousand Hiroshima
bombs

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0 anti-matter

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is just too hot to handle we need

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a reliable energy source back in power
are starship for years at a time

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and there are only a few Canada's that
can do this among them

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fusion power harnessing the power of the
Sun

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itself

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in the Suns hot day in school hydrogen
atoms collide

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smashing into each other with such force
the fuse

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releasing enormous amounts of energy

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this is nuclear fusion

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what we want to do in space travel is
miniaturize it

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and put it in a spacecraft and use that
as your power system

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and as your proportion system for deep
space exploration

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perfusion rocket is still two-thirds the
speed of one powered by anti-matter

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a vessel wall its fuel hydrogen gas

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can be found in past clouds in the space
between stars

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it would simply automatically fire in
our space using interstellar gas

140
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and principled it would never require
refueling

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our fusion powered space are heads for
its first target alpha centauri

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at 10 percent the speed of light

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it will take forty two years to complete
the journey and its precious load a few

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min pioneers

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must be delivered safe and well but the
crossing

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may be deadly are violent cosmos as a
million ways to kill

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on

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on

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a giant space arc fires its fusion
rockets

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inside the ship are thousands have human
volunteers

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there on a one-way mission to colonize

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a distant planet I

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one day we will have to make this
journey

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it's inevitable that we go off planet I
think we're gonna have to do it to

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survive as a species

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York's first target is the closest star
system to the Sun

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alpha centauri and the journey will be
long

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around forty years

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keeping the crew fit healthy severity

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but it won't be easy lot of things
happen to the human body when you go

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into space

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the moment you become weightless usually
get camp

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full headed feeling of you get dizzy

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back and make you feel nauseous where OJ
I'll spend six months

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on the International Space Station long
enough to experience

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the damaging effects in zero gravity and

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your bones are feeling any impact to
your body decides it doesn't need bones

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anymore

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and it'll begin to demilitarize your
bones and then your muscles through

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tissues

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or still naturally actually very quickly
on

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the human body evolved to live with
Earth's gravity way without it

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bones lose two percent of their mass for
every month spent in space

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when the cardiovascular system suffers
to

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body fluids cooled

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heart rates blood pressure rise

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resistance training helps reduce the
symptoms

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were scheduled for two hours of exercise
them space station's to keep our

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cardiovascular system fair to keep our
muscles and bones fed

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exercising can hold of the dangers
wasting process

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but a forty two-year journey to office
and Tori without gravity

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would be fatal obviously we need a
permanent solution to wait list

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there's nothing to prevent us in the
near future

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from creating artificial gravity

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the answer is centrifugal force

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it's the force thats text daredevil
bikers to vertical walls

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it keeps thrill seekers glued to their
seats and theme parks

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rotation produces this out workforce and
creating it

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the spaceship would be relatively simple

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by rotating a space capsule it means at
the Azana

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inside will experience artificial
gravity

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spinning the living quarters just the
right speed will hold of bone and muscle

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wasting

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but as they journey deep into space low
gravity

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is the least have the dangers are
pioneers face

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radiation is probably the biggest
challenge

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00:13:10,100 --> 00:13:15,409
we're gonna be exposed to much harsher
levels much higher levels of radiation

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the sun's surface shoots out a constant
stream

199
00:13:18,169 --> 00:13:21,679
dangerous charged particles I'll

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protons and electrons traveling a close
to a million miles an hour

201
00:13:25,990 --> 00:13:31,019
these teams will break your DNA bill
cause cancer

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any will kill you

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the Earth's magnetosphere

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the atmosphere above our heads

205
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for taxes from the worst this radiation
but far from the earth

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the Pioneers will face radiation head on

207
00:13:46,080 --> 00:13:50,070
that really is the biggest technical
barrier to mankind sending

208
00:13:50,070 --> 00:13:54,300
people out farther and deeper into space
it's not propulsion is that computers

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00:13:54,299 --> 00:13:55,199
are navigation

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00:13:55,200 --> 00:14:00,400
it how we keep people healthy could be
on the boundary of our solar system

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the radiation threats gets worse

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00:14:03,429 --> 00:14:07,679
large particles comment you even fast

213
00:14:07,679 --> 00:14:12,419
in some cases there are single protons
the actual pack as much about punch

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00:14:12,419 --> 00:14:18,639
as a hundred mile-an-hour fastball these
cosmic rays were joined by an even

215
00:14:18,639 --> 00:14:19,708
deadlier force

216
00:14:19,708 --> 00:14:23,009
gamma rays blasted out like violence

217
00:14:23,009 --> 00:14:26,879
cosmic events no the cosmic phenomena

218
00:14:26,879 --> 00:14:31,860
from stars exploding

219
00:14:31,860 --> 00:14:37,240
two black holes eating up large parts
gallon

220
00:14:37,240 --> 00:14:42,870
Bruce radiation and particles that are
incredibly energetic

221
00:14:42,870 --> 00:14:46,070
you've never seen the sparkle before
your body's not adapted to them

222
00:14:46,070 --> 00:14:49,410
can't they come at you all the time and
their

223
00:14:49,409 --> 00:14:53,990
very high energy

224
00:14:53,990 --> 00:14:55,889
galactic cosmic radiation

225
00:14:55,889 --> 00:15:01,808
ripped through the cells in our human
cargo

226
00:15:01,808 --> 00:15:07,120
liquefying their bodies

227
00:15:07,120 --> 00:15:12,620
the only hope is to somehow shield
spacecraft

228
00:15:12,620 --> 00:15:16,310
in science fiction starships create a
protective magnetic bubble

229
00:15:16,309 --> 00:15:21,000
similar to the magnetic field to protect
your but a deflector shield

230
00:15:21,000 --> 00:15:25,629
to take a huge amount of energy to
sustain and like any electrical device

231
00:15:25,629 --> 00:15:30,029
it would be prone to failure the safest
option

232
00:15:30,029 --> 00:15:33,750
is to go low-tech coating the ship with
a thick layer

233
00:15:33,750 --> 00:15:37,929
a physical shield chilling is not a
simple problems not just a matter of

234
00:15:37,929 --> 00:15:40,439
bringing a bunch letter anything like
that in fact

235
00:15:40,440 --> 00:15:45,060
what you find is a need to do something
like that I it absorbs the radiation and

236
00:15:45,059 --> 00:15:47,429
then it redeem its in in a more
dangerous form

237
00:15:47,429 --> 00:15:51,229
on

238
00:15:51,230 --> 00:15:54,399
medals won't work but scientists have
come up

239
00:15:54,399 --> 00:15:59,830
the brilliant alternative you

240
00:15:59,830 --> 00:16:02,889
this won the Best shield cosmic breeze
something simple

241
00:16:02,889 --> 00:16:05,649
water

242
00:16:05,649 --> 00:16:08,789
and it actually something you need to
bring with you as you venture into

243
00:16:08,789 --> 00:16:10,029
interstellar space

244
00:16:10,029 --> 00:16:14,360
the hydrogen atoms in water absorb
high-energy particles

245
00:16:14,360 --> 00:16:21,360
getting sufficient volume water can also
block tamarins

246
00:16:21,759 --> 00:16:25,490
the living quarters at the park will
have the Vic outer skin

247
00:16:25,490 --> 00:16:27,289
filled with the ship's water

248
00:16:27,289 --> 00:16:30,809
and outside that a second skin filled
with the ship's

249
00:16:30,809 --> 00:16:35,768
hydrogen supply transfusion engines

250
00:16:35,769 --> 00:16:40,320
our astronauts are now safe from
radiation sickness and with artificial

251
00:16:40,320 --> 00:16:40,860
gravity

252
00:16:40,860 --> 00:16:45,169
their bodies will stay strong the
deadliest right now

253
00:16:45,169 --> 00:16:48,588
each other

254
00:16:48,589 --> 00:16:52,470
I'm

255
00:16:52,470 --> 00:16:59,250
good

256
00:16:59,250 --> 00:17:02,350
a cosmic catastrophe Monday light bus

257
00:17:02,350 --> 00:17:04,400
from the face of the earth

258
00:17:04,400 --> 00:17:10,079
to save mankind will need to escape to
the stars in a giant space arc

259
00:17:10,078 --> 00:17:12,490
search other new home

260
00:17:12,490 --> 00:17:16,299
its precious human cargo will be kept in
top physical condition

261
00:17:16,299 --> 00:17:19,619
with artificial gravity and hydrogen
rich shielding

262
00:17:19,619 --> 00:17:23,489
but what about their mental health

263
00:17:23,490 --> 00:17:27,439
one of the biggest challenges for people
in space or the people taking people

264
00:17:27,439 --> 00:17:28,890
putting them in a tin can

265
00:17:28,890 --> 00:17:32,910
incredibly dangerous environment having
to get along with each other for months

266
00:17:32,910 --> 00:17:33,910
or years

267
00:17:33,910 --> 00:17:37,290
and stay alive through the journey is
going to be

268
00:17:37,289 --> 00:17:40,480
an enormous challenge we know when

269
00:17:40,480 --> 00:17:43,740
people going submarines that they have
to be very carefully tested and those

270
00:17:43,740 --> 00:17:44,500
submarines

271
00:17:44,500 --> 00:17:48,670
are go out for missions that there are
done certainly no last year's

272
00:17:48,670 --> 00:17:51,670
we can start a new civilization with the
crew

273
00:17:51,670 --> 00:17:54,950
ravaged by cosmic boredom infighting

274
00:17:54,950 --> 00:17:57,580
and mental illness

275
00:17:57,579 --> 00:18:03,398
it would be better if the entire crew
were unconscious

276
00:18:03,398 --> 00:18:07,538
one possibility which course again is a
possibility in science fiction

277
00:18:07,538 --> 00:18:11,700
is to have people be asleep during most
of it

278
00:18:11,700 --> 00:18:15,670
could you put people into an induced
coma and then we come up in time to go

279
00:18:15,670 --> 00:18:19,430
do their science mission it might be
easier thing to do than to say

280
00:18:19,430 --> 00:18:22,500
well now you sit still for the next ten
years

281
00:18:22,500 --> 00:18:27,039
reaped the closest we come to suspended
animation in today's world

282
00:18:27,039 --> 00:18:30,930
is storing human embryos in liquid
nitrogen them

283
00:18:30,930 --> 00:18:34,340
but could be really save the human race

284
00:18:34,339 --> 00:18:40,589
with test-tube babies because of the
enormous hurdles facing space travel

285
00:18:40,589 --> 00:18:45,220
some people have advanced the idea well
why do we have to send humans into outer

286
00:18:45,220 --> 00:18:45,900
space

287
00:18:45,900 --> 00:18:49,820
wanna send embryos or sperm and egg
cells

288
00:18:49,819 --> 00:18:53,299
in theory we could transport frozen
embryos

289
00:18:53,299 --> 00:18:57,960
across vast distances space sidestepping
the need for food

290
00:18:57,960 --> 00:19:02,960
were complicated life-support systems
they could withstand the rigors of space

291
00:19:02,960 --> 00:19:04,450
travel and weightlessness

292
00:19:04,450 --> 00:19:07,140
but how will they be socialized

293
00:19:07,140 --> 00:19:10,490
you put a baby in a hit single place
along the Montgomery they wouldn't

294
00:19:10,490 --> 00:19:12,000
survive in fact we're

295
00:19:12,000 --> 00:19:16,380
very dependent we are social beings we
would have to develop

296
00:19:16,380 --> 00:19:19,470
intelligent robots to hatch the embryos

297
00:19:19,470 --> 00:19:22,779
and then teach them what it means to be
human

298
00:19:22,779 --> 00:19:26,420
is conceivable that perhaps a hundred
years into the future

299
00:19:26,420 --> 00:19:31,330
we will have brought by nannies that can
incorporate the laws of social

300
00:19:31,329 --> 00:19:33,919
interaction

301
00:19:33,920 --> 00:19:38,750
a robot really raise child or in our
rush to save humanity

302
00:19:38,750 --> 00:19:43,359
will we wind up for getting what it
means to be human

303
00:19:43,359 --> 00:19:46,389
raising human embryos

304
00:19:46,390 --> 00:19:50,509
maybe too much a damn good sold could we
freeze

305
00:19:50,509 --> 00:19:55,000
adults instead without affecting their
health it's a much bigger challenge

306
00:19:55,000 --> 00:19:58,980
but nature has almost solved

307
00:19:58,980 --> 00:20:02,829
a lot of animals on earth will go into
suspended animation or hibernation

308
00:20:02,829 --> 00:20:09,829
when conditions get bad is some cases
they can stay that way for a long time

309
00:20:10,099 --> 00:20:12,959
the alaskan wood frog survives cold
winters

310
00:20:12,960 --> 00:20:17,660
frozen nice

311
00:20:17,660 --> 00:20:20,590
at sub-zero temperatures its metabolism
slows

312
00:20:20,589 --> 00:20:27,589
effectively shuts down

313
00:20:29,420 --> 00:20:34,940
when the ice falls the frogs reanimate

314
00:20:34,940 --> 00:20:39,359
Harbaugh as though nothing happened
could humans

315
00:20:39,358 --> 00:20:42,069
ever do the same thing

316
00:20:42,069 --> 00:20:45,529
when you freeze somebody alive they have
are

317
00:20:45,529 --> 00:20:49,629
ice crystals which one which begin to
expand rupturing the cells

318
00:20:49,630 --> 00:20:54,470
and try and sells in too much

319
00:20:54,470 --> 00:20:58,309
so how the frog survive the deep freeze

320
00:20:58,309 --> 00:21:02,609
the answer is they have an antifreeze in
their plight and that is

321
00:21:02,609 --> 00:21:06,500
glucose so even though their surrounding
environment is

322
00:21:06,500 --> 00:21:09,829
solid ice inside theirselves

323
00:21:09,829 --> 00:21:13,679
are liquid the problem with humans is

324
00:21:13,680 --> 00:21:20,680
that amount if any freeze would kill us

325
00:21:21,660 --> 00:21:25,680
deep freezing humans isn't going to work

326
00:21:25,680 --> 00:21:26,950
but to hibernate

327
00:21:26,950 --> 00:21:30,940
we may not have to chill that loan

328
00:21:30,940 --> 00:21:34,750
Pittsburgh surgeons developed a
groundbreaking technique

329
00:21:34,750 --> 00:21:37,538
using chilled saline solution

330
00:21:37,538 --> 00:21:41,879
to rapidly lower their patient's body
temperature to just a few degrees above

331
00:21:41,880 --> 00:21:42,770
freezing

332
00:21:42,769 --> 00:21:45,829
at this temperature cellular activity

333
00:21:45,829 --> 00:21:50,409
stocks

334
00:21:50,410 --> 00:21:52,240
just like the wood frogs

335
00:21:52,240 --> 00:21:59,240
patients are effectively in suspended
animation

336
00:22:00,619 --> 00:22:04,058
weekend in operating rooms we can call
people down and put them in artificial

337
00:22:04,058 --> 00:22:07,529
common for a while so it sounds good

338
00:22:07,529 --> 00:22:11,940
and like everything else is with
exploring

339
00:22:11,940 --> 00:22:15,390
whether through freezing embryos were
putting adults into a cold

340
00:22:15,390 --> 00:22:19,280
deep sleep suspended animation may be
the best bet

341
00:22:19,279 --> 00:22:22,960
for keeping our precious human cargo
alive on the long trip

342
00:22:22,960 --> 00:22:26,509
alpha centauri the new but what if they
get there

343
00:22:26,509 --> 00:22:30,049
and find there's no place like home

344
00:22:30,049 --> 00:22:37,049
be good

345
00:22:39,450 --> 00:22:44,499
a spaceship filled with human volunteers
approaches the triple star system

346
00:22:44,499 --> 00:22:49,179
alpha centauri up

347
00:22:49,179 --> 00:22:51,150
the crew hopes to find the first

348
00:22:51,150 --> 00:22:55,750
many new worlds for mankind to call but
which

349
00:22:55,750 --> 00:22:59,440
if any of these stars will have the
right kind of planets

350
00:22:59,440 --> 00:23:03,220
we want to buy to hold that a similar or
as we can possibly

351
00:23:03,220 --> 00:23:07,200
because we're fine too for this plan
which 52

352
00:23:07,200 --> 00:23:10,429
for the surface gravity provide time for
the atmosphere

353
00:23:10,429 --> 00:23:13,580
this radiation environment the stars

354
00:23:13,579 --> 00:23:16,579
build the space craft displays and soon

355
00:23:16,579 --> 00:23:20,189
the outline of planets will be visible

356
00:23:20,190 --> 00:23:23,320
0 the brightest in the trio

357
00:23:23,319 --> 00:23:27,419
is alpha centauri okay 0 it slightly
bigger

358
00:23:27,420 --> 00:23:30,429
and slightly brighter than our signed

359
00:23:30,429 --> 00:23:33,809
throwing more heat into the space around

360
00:23:33,808 --> 00:23:37,528
well

361
00:23:37,528 --> 00:23:40,778
its smaller cooler neighbor Alpha
Centauri B

362
00:23:40,778 --> 00:23:45,450
live so close gravity pulls the two
stars into a wide

363
00:23:45,450 --> 00:23:48,720
slow binary forbid

364
00:23:48,720 --> 00:23:52,350
rotating once every eighty years on

365
00:23:52,349 --> 00:23:58,708
that's bad news for pioneers

366
00:23:58,709 --> 00:24:01,709
planets rarely form stable orbits around

367
00:24:01,709 --> 00:24:08,709
wide binary systems so there's little
chance of finding a place to settle you

368
00:24:11,940 --> 00:24:17,309
but the third star the trio offers hope

369
00:24:17,309 --> 00:24:20,509
Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf 4 a.m.

370
00:24:20,509 --> 00:24:26,829
work start too small and doomed to be
seen from earth with the naked eye

371
00:24:26,829 --> 00:24:31,199
yet astronomers have found earth-like
planets around this type of star

372
00:24:31,200 --> 00:24:34,980
throughout the Milky Way galaxy

373
00:24:34,980 --> 00:24:38,019
for finding that red dwarfs are ideal
number a

374
00:24:38,019 --> 00:24:42,769
ways in particular just they seem to be
absolutely teeming with their sites

375
00:24:42,769 --> 00:24:43,389
planets

376
00:24:43,390 --> 00:24:46,390
astronomers have already discovered one

377
00:24:46,390 --> 00:24:51,040
earth-sized planet around Proxima
Centauri it forbids too close to the

378
00:24:51,039 --> 00:24:51,639
stars

379
00:24:51,640 --> 00:24:54,920
sustain human life but there's a good
chance

380
00:24:54,920 --> 00:24:58,150
it may have sister planets that can

381
00:24:58,150 --> 00:25:01,600
if we were to look up into the night sky
and look at the nearest

382
00:25:01,599 --> 00:25:05,939
into work stars say Proxima Centauri I
would expect to see

383
00:25:05,940 --> 00:25:10,410
a system 326 very small planets

384
00:25:10,410 --> 00:25:17,410
an extremely compact or its meaning
orbital period of only a few days

385
00:25:18,319 --> 00:25:21,619
Proxima Centauri may well be home to a
rocky planets

386
00:25:21,619 --> 00:25:26,178
ideal for life by with a thick
atmosphere

387
00:25:26,179 --> 00:25:31,769
warm liquid oceans and a strong
magnetosphere to protect it

388
00:25:31,769 --> 00:25:35,559
the perfect refuge for mankind set up
our first

389
00:25:35,559 --> 00:25:37,849
new home

390
00:25:37,849 --> 00:25:40,269
but what if we find the planet

391
00:25:40,269 --> 00:25:43,329
that's a little less than perfect

392
00:25:43,329 --> 00:25:47,669
too cold perhaps with too much gravity

393
00:25:47,670 --> 00:25:51,920
or maybe the wrong kind of atmosphere

394
00:25:51,920 --> 00:25:54,920
we are genetically programmed to thrive
on the planet Earth

395
00:25:54,920 --> 00:25:59,320
with a specific amount of oxygen a
specific amount of carbon dioxide in a

396
00:25:59,319 --> 00:26:00,349
certain weight

397
00:26:00,349 --> 00:26:04,039
however once we land on a distant planet

398
00:26:04,039 --> 00:26:07,369
we're gonna have to change our bodies so
that we can thrive in different

399
00:26:07,369 --> 00:26:09,898
environments

400
00:26:09,898 --> 00:26:13,018
we're gonna have to be able to engineer
our sales we're gonna have to be able to

401
00:26:13,019 --> 00:26:14,278
evolve our cells

402
00:26:14,278 --> 00:26:17,940
rap that may mean taking genes from
other life forms

403
00:26:17,940 --> 00:26:21,399
to give ourselves some property that we
need that might just be the best

404
00:26:21,398 --> 00:26:23,750
solution

405
00:26:23,750 --> 00:26:25,829
scientists have searched high and low

406
00:26:25,829 --> 00:26:29,289
find people to the jeans for survival in
space

407
00:26:29,289 --> 00:26:32,970
and they may have found them in a
creature no bigger

408
00:26:32,970 --> 00:26:37,829
the grain have said

409
00:26:37,829 --> 00:26:41,649
right now at nasa we're doing
experiments on untangle animals called

410
00:26:41,650 --> 00:26:42,630
target greens

411
00:26:42,630 --> 00:26:48,059
card a greater tough they can survive a
range of temperatures

412
00:26:48,058 --> 00:26:52,190
from freezing to boiling point they can
live without food or water

413
00:26:52,190 --> 00:26:55,519
for a decade or more and crucially
whether DNA

414
00:26:55,519 --> 00:26:58,980
gets damaged by radiation it repairs
itself

415
00:26:58,980 --> 00:27:03,940
title microscopic thing can survive more
radiation

416
00:27:03,940 --> 00:27:07,350
them kill her developed somehow the DNA
no

417
00:27:07,349 --> 00:27:11,649
to repair itself we're trying to figure
out how we could modify human DNA

418
00:27:11,650 --> 00:27:14,759
to do the same thing one day

419
00:27:14,759 --> 00:27:20,308
DNA from these tiny creatures may allow
us to set foot on the planet

420
00:27:20,308 --> 00:27:24,389
battered by radiation from its parent
star

421
00:27:24,390 --> 00:27:27,700
genetic tinkering may hold the key too
much more

422
00:27:27,700 --> 00:27:31,660
allowing us to colonize a multitude
apostol

423
00:27:31,660 --> 00:27:35,548
alien worlds

424
00:27:35,548 --> 00:27:39,509
if the plan has a larger gravitational
field we may have to increase the

425
00:27:39,509 --> 00:27:42,119
strength of our bones is trying to my
muscles

426
00:27:42,119 --> 00:27:46,069
so we don't collapse every time we walk
under surface are the large

427
00:27:46,069 --> 00:27:51,579
planet

428
00:27:51,579 --> 00:27:55,529
we could you can adapt different
atmospheres

429
00:27:55,529 --> 00:28:00,119
who were you on my one planet different
oxygen level different carbon dioxide

430
00:28:00,119 --> 00:28:00,509
level

431
00:28:00,509 --> 00:28:04,548
we may have to alter our metabolism rate

432
00:28:04,548 --> 00:28:08,358
we are beginning to take control of our
own evolution we are designing

433
00:28:08,358 --> 00:28:11,378
gene therapies we're finding ways to
modifier biology

434
00:28:11,378 --> 00:28:15,578
is a wonderful chance here to really
take control over

435
00:28:15,578 --> 00:28:20,750
own destiny and drive ourselves to the
stars

436
00:28:20,750 --> 00:28:24,250
who knows what the future astronaut will
look like but I strongly suspect

437
00:28:24,250 --> 00:28:27,849
that they will look like you for me well

438
00:28:27,849 --> 00:28:29,529
1

439
00:28:29,529 --> 00:28:33,000
if we find habitable worlds around
proxima Suntory

440
00:28:33,000 --> 00:28:36,419
a shuttle fall genetically-altered
pioneers

441
00:28:36,419 --> 00:28:39,809
will be dispatched to the surface in
order to start

442
00:28:39,808 --> 00:28:43,799
a new human civilization

443
00:28:43,799 --> 00:28:49,409
but this is just the first stage a much
bigger plan we must continue to search

444
00:28:49,410 --> 00:28:49,880
out

445
00:28:49,880 --> 00:28:53,450
more world's traveling ever deeper and
faster

446
00:28:53,450 --> 00:28:58,609
into the Milky Way

447
00:28:58,608 --> 00:29:05,608
I'll on

448
00:29:10,789 --> 00:29:15,839
one day a cosmic event is going to get
beer so hard it will wipe out

449
00:29:15,839 --> 00:29:20,869
every human on the planet

450
00:29:20,869 --> 00:29:26,288
live on a deadly into the future he
would be is gonna have to leave player

451
00:29:26,288 --> 00:29:27,890
are only hope

452
00:29:27,890 --> 00:29:30,929
build the space arc that will take us to
new whirls

453
00:29:30,929 --> 00:29:33,650
around distant stars

454
00:29:33,650 --> 00:29:37,390
my is fragile and that's why I believe
we should be at least

455
00:29:37,390 --> 00:29:42,630
a to plant species

456
00:29:42,630 --> 00:29:49,520
the first target was by far the easiest

457
00:29:49,519 --> 00:29:53,389
it took forty two years for our space
arc to reach Proxima Centauri

458
00:29:53,390 --> 00:29:57,500
using fusion powered engines but now

459
00:29:57,500 --> 00:30:01,930
the arc must move on to find even more
distant worlds

460
00:30:01,930 --> 00:30:04,940
the crew can be held in suspended
animation

461
00:30:04,940 --> 00:30:10,169
but they'll still deteriorate with each
passing year

462
00:30:10,169 --> 00:30:15,700
need to go Baxter closer to the speed of
light

463
00:30:15,700 --> 00:30:18,779
but there's a small problem the laws of
physics

464
00:30:18,779 --> 00:30:21,980
me what albert Einstein figured out is
that if you start traveling near the

465
00:30:21,980 --> 00:30:22,789
speed of light

466
00:30:22,789 --> 00:30:29,059
things get a little bizarre you get near
the speed of light U-mass

467
00:30:29,059 --> 00:30:32,970
increases me that he had to have more
energy to keep you going

468
00:30:32,970 --> 00:30:37,640
by the time you getting near the speed
of light all the field turns into

469
00:30:37,640 --> 00:30:41,790
increasing the mass so all the fuel that
before would increase the speed a lot

470
00:30:41,789 --> 00:30:45,409
does increase the speed all it just
increases the mass eventually

471
00:30:45,410 --> 00:30:48,810
you don't speed up at all you just get
heavier and heavier has issued a

472
00:30:48,809 --> 00:30:50,940
propeller

473
00:30:50,940 --> 00:30:55,320
physics allows travel through space at
the kind of speed

474
00:30:55,319 --> 00:30:59,950
but there's a loophole that may allow us
to cut through hyperspace

475
00:30:59,950 --> 00:31:03,140
reach distant planets a whole lot faster

476
00:31:03,140 --> 00:31:06,410
the next thing showed us that space
itself

477
00:31:06,410 --> 00:31:10,400
expand faster than the speed of light
space and time

478
00:31:10,400 --> 00:31:13,940
is not nothing there's a substance to it
fabric

479
00:31:13,940 --> 00:31:18,049
if you will and you can stretch it and
you could be ended

480
00:31:18,049 --> 00:31:22,669
and science fiction galactic travelers
manipulate the fabric of space-time

481
00:31:22,670 --> 00:31:26,100
using work drives crossing the cosmos

482
00:31:26,099 --> 00:31:33,079
in minutes not pull any no imagine your
room under the carpet and you get to the

483
00:31:33,079 --> 00:31:34,029
other side a room

484
00:31:34,029 --> 00:31:37,299
one thing you can do is you can take the
carpet and

485
00:31:37,299 --> 00:31:41,430
folded up and bring all up close to you
didn't stop over DePaul

486
00:31:41,430 --> 00:31:45,110
carpet in the lead on ball behind you
and now you've moved across the room

487
00:31:45,109 --> 00:31:47,548
really quickly

488
00:31:47,548 --> 00:31:51,668
it would take a colossal amount of
energy to more all the space between you

489
00:31:51,669 --> 00:31:52,950
and your destination

490
00:31:52,950 --> 00:31:56,869
far more than we could ever hope to
generate but modern physics

491
00:31:56,868 --> 00:32:01,439
says the warp drive is possible if you
only work the space

492
00:32:01,440 --> 00:32:05,179
surrounding the ship so we know that
space expands

493
00:32:05,179 --> 00:32:08,210
space can also contract soap you have a
ship

494
00:32:08,210 --> 00:32:12,269
you can track space in front view expand
space behind you

495
00:32:12,269 --> 00:32:17,200
hickory a walk boggle n is built
directly shoulder to be moved up to ten

496
00:32:17,200 --> 00:32:17,859
times

497
00:32:17,858 --> 00:32:21,339
feel like

498
00:32:21,339 --> 00:32:24,449
this new generation work drive creates
we

499
00:32:24,450 --> 00:32:27,960
in space-time the travels faster than
the speed of light

500
00:32:27,960 --> 00:32:31,690
carrying the ship along with it like a
surfer

501
00:32:31,690 --> 00:32:34,559
riding a wave

502
00:32:34,559 --> 00:32:38,299
mathematicians have looked at the
numbers and a new generation work drive

503
00:32:38,299 --> 00:32:39,809
would work on people

504
00:32:39,809 --> 00:32:46,079
now nasa wants to get it to work in the
lab

505
00:32:46,079 --> 00:32:47,970
is an impossible or is a plausible

506
00:32:47,970 --> 00:32:51,058
I think we're in that category are
starting to to think about we've got

507
00:32:51,058 --> 00:32:52,398
some possibilities here

508
00:32:52,398 --> 00:32:57,349
are let's go see if we can't to do some
scientific efforts and see validation up

509
00:32:57,349 --> 00:32:58,369
the math and physics

510
00:32:58,369 --> 00:33:02,389
tara White is planning a future
experiment

511
00:33:02,390 --> 00:33:06,159
to see if he can workspace on a
microscopic scale

512
00:33:06,159 --> 00:33:10,760
he hopes to concentrate energy into a
single point in space

513
00:33:10,759 --> 00:33:14,759
and then measure the progress have laser
light

514
00:33:14,759 --> 00:33:19,230
crossing if the light completes the
journey faster than normal

515
00:33:19,230 --> 00:33:22,409
he'll have succeeded working space time

516
00:33:22,409 --> 00:33:26,419
their body always asks me about when's
this going to be ready to bolt on two

517
00:33:26,419 --> 00:33:27,380
spacecraft and

518
00:33:27,380 --> 00:33:32,100
there's a lot of sites we need to do
first not only just now starting to look

519
00:33:32,099 --> 00:33:32,699
into this

520
00:33:32,700 --> 00:33:35,308
we don't know if it's going to work or
not we might as well figured out if it

521
00:33:35,308 --> 00:33:35,849
does

522
00:33:35,849 --> 00:33:39,058
bomb and if it doesn't well we've
learned something interesting about math

523
00:33:39,058 --> 00:33:40,819
and science in the way the universe
works

524
00:33:40,819 --> 00:33:44,939
warp drive would fire us to Proxima
Centauri

525
00:33:44,940 --> 00:33:50,639
in just five months and to the 50 stars
be on

526
00:33:50,638 --> 00:33:56,048
just a few years but that's still just
our galactic backyard

527
00:33:56,048 --> 00:34:00,809
work trip to the far side of the Milky
Way

528
00:34:00,809 --> 00:34:03,000
would take 10,000

529
00:34:03,000 --> 00:34:06,900
the trip beyond it to the closest
galaxies hundreds

530
00:34:06,900 --> 00:34:08,700
thousands of years

531
00:34:08,699 --> 00:34:11,989
on the scale of the universe even work
drive

532
00:34:11,989 --> 00:34:15,139
seems pathetically slow

533
00:34:15,139 --> 00:34:20,368
but there is one last time

534
00:34:20,369 --> 00:34:23,000
another way to go faster than the speed
of light

535
00:34:23,000 --> 00:34:30,000
is to drill a hole in the fabric of
space and time

536
00:34:30,050 --> 00:34:35,818
this is called a wormhole

537
00:34:35,818 --> 00:34:38,789
wormhole is a theoretical tunnel

538
00:34:38,789 --> 00:34:44,130
rip through the fabric of space-time
connecting to distant points

539
00:34:44,130 --> 00:34:47,539
it's created by huge concentrations mass

540
00:34:47,539 --> 00:34:51,489
warping space-time ok

541
00:34:51,489 --> 00:34:54,799
think about is looking glass you put
your hand to the looking glass

542
00:34:54,800 --> 00:35:00,019
in your hand winds up on the other side
of the gals

543
00:35:00,018 --> 00:35:04,278
if our spacecraft could enter this
hospital shortcut we could jump

544
00:35:04,278 --> 00:35:08,248
thousands years and instant you were
trouble

545
00:35:08,248 --> 00:35:12,129
strong numbers have never seen one and
attempting

546
00:35:12,130 --> 00:35:16,259
to create one on would be fatal on

547
00:35:16,259 --> 00:35:19,719
to bend space it either mother the warm
all to make a tunnel

548
00:35:19,719 --> 00:35:24,598
give to produce huge amounts amass but
mass is attractive and we can prove

549
00:35:24,599 --> 00:35:28,059
that normal masses all you have that
either

550
00:35:28,059 --> 00:35:32,278
end up the were more will collapse to
form a black hole

551
00:35:32,278 --> 00:35:39,030
in time skill shorter then we take you
to go through the wormhole

552
00:35:39,030 --> 00:35:42,720
I don't think more moles were ever gonna
work that way transportation

553
00:35:42,719 --> 00:35:46,569
but you know what typically goals people
who say that something could happen in

554
00:35:46,570 --> 00:35:47,140
size

555
00:35:47,139 --> 00:35:51,460
turned out to be wrong so I take that
back things are likely

556
00:35:51,460 --> 00:35:55,949
but it may happen what drives

557
00:35:55,949 --> 00:35:57,358
wormholes

558
00:35:57,358 --> 00:36:02,748
distant dreams for now fusion is the
likely fuel to take us to the stars

559
00:36:02,748 --> 00:36:05,009
but it may take millions who years

560
00:36:05,010 --> 00:36:10,340
for a giant space arc to colonize enough
planets to guarantee our survival the

561
00:36:10,340 --> 00:36:14,269
only way to go faster with Fusion is to
make our space arc

562
00:36:14,269 --> 00:36:19,690
much smaller so small in fact there'd be
no room for people inside

563
00:36:19,690 --> 00:36:23,380
so is this really game over for

564
00:36:23,380 --> 00:36:30,380
could be saved humanity without humans

565
00:36:31,010 --> 00:36:32,069
and

566
00:36:32,068 --> 00:36:35,838
not so long ago

567
00:36:35,838 --> 00:36:40,328
astronomers weren't sure if the stars
they saw on the night sky

568
00:36:40,329 --> 00:36:44,140
at planets orbiting them 0 perhaps the
Sun was unique

569
00:36:44,139 --> 00:36:49,308
the earth along in the Milky Way ok

570
00:36:49,309 --> 00:36:52,420
but over the last twenty years we've
revealed

571
00:36:52,420 --> 00:36:56,108
mind-blowing truth 0 it seems that

572
00:36:56,108 --> 00:36:59,558
a large fraction of stars in the galaxy
have planets

573
00:36:59,559 --> 00:37:03,200
and in fact many of those stars have
multiple planets

574
00:37:03,199 --> 00:37:06,598
these XO planets range in size from

575
00:37:06,599 --> 00:37:09,650
gas giant planets bigger than Jupiter on

576
00:37:09,650 --> 00:37:12,710
to rocky worlds like the earth

577
00:37:12,710 --> 00:37:16,070
there everywhere we look our planet
Earth

578
00:37:16,070 --> 00:37:20,160
is not unique it's not even rarer their
art

579
00:37:20,159 --> 00:37:23,629
tons hordes flocks if you will

580
00:37:23,630 --> 00:37:28,210
above other earth-like planets out there
fluttering around the other stars

581
00:37:28,210 --> 00:37:32,789
some stars probably have multiple hurts
orbiting them that's how common

582
00:37:32,789 --> 00:37:36,619
earth-like planets are I'll

583
00:37:36,619 --> 00:37:39,829
look into the night sky top 5 stars

584
00:37:39,829 --> 00:37:45,219
one of those stars hasn't earth-size
planet around maybe our next home

585
00:37:45,219 --> 00:37:49,219
apply what we found to the rest of the
Milky Way and the results

586
00:37:49,219 --> 00:37:51,980
are staggering

587
00:37:51,980 --> 00:37:55,230
around sun-like stars up to 11

588
00:37:55,230 --> 00:37:57,090
billion warm

589
00:37:57,090 --> 00:38:00,480
wet hurts around red dwarf stars

590
00:38:00,480 --> 00:38:03,480
another 22 billion

591
00:38:03,480 --> 00:38:09,070
and gas giant XO planets may be home to
tens of billions more potential

592
00:38:09,070 --> 00:38:12,890
Earth's in the form up habitable X owns

593
00:38:12,889 --> 00:38:16,549
there are many earth-like planets that
we're gonna have as options

594
00:38:16,550 --> 00:38:20,610
places to go almost for the menus spring
up from the bus clearly

595
00:38:20,610 --> 00:38:25,309
finding new Earth's is not the problem
the problem is getting

596
00:38:25,309 --> 00:38:28,420
the universe is actually kinda
tantalizing us

597
00:38:28,420 --> 00:38:32,559
earth-like planets are common to all
over the place but they're so far away

598
00:38:32,559 --> 00:38:36,000
that the current technology can't
imagine how to get there

599
00:38:36,000 --> 00:38:39,900
a giant space arc powered by fusion

600
00:38:39,900 --> 00:38:43,430
engines and filled with thousands of
human volunteers

601
00:38:43,429 --> 00:38:48,859
should allow us to colonize habitable
worlds near our son

602
00:38:48,860 --> 00:38:53,289
but to go beyond that to the far reaches
the Milky Way

603
00:38:53,289 --> 00:38:57,400
we need plan be

604
00:38:57,400 --> 00:39:01,329
one radical solution would be to send
miniature robots

605
00:39:01,329 --> 00:39:05,090
to distant planets instead humans

606
00:39:05,090 --> 00:39:08,170
one think about how much we're learning
about the human brain and how it works

607
00:39:08,170 --> 00:39:09,769
and there's still a long way to go

608
00:39:09,769 --> 00:39:13,059
it does seem to be fairly inevitable
that someday we'll be able to put on

609
00:39:13,059 --> 00:39:14,190
hold ourselves

610
00:39:14,190 --> 00:39:19,800
into a robot the name it. that's so sad
because we want to get humans on those

611
00:39:19,800 --> 00:39:20,220
plans

612
00:39:20,219 --> 00:39:23,369
well one if you really wanna think
science fiction why not

613
00:39:23,369 --> 00:39:26,559
%uh ultimately pic machine adult human
gether and

614
00:39:26,559 --> 00:39:29,610
home plants

615
00:39:29,610 --> 00:39:32,870
spread their genes by selling huge
numbers of tiny

616
00:39:32,869 --> 00:39:37,150
mobile seeds into the whim

617
00:39:37,150 --> 00:39:41,320
many seats will be lost to the elements
but those that find warm

618
00:39:41,320 --> 00:39:45,660
Wed earth come to life

619
00:39:45,659 --> 00:39:48,339
imagine firing tiny now

620
00:39:48,340 --> 00:39:52,010
months into space like seeds with human
genomes

621
00:39:52,010 --> 00:39:57,460
burned onto their hard drives

622
00:39:57,460 --> 00:39:59,329
if they fall through the atmosphere

623
00:39:59,329 --> 00:40:02,659
a wet one planet suitable for humans

624
00:40:02,659 --> 00:40:05,230
the spring into action

625
00:40:05,230 --> 00:40:08,440
the land and make shelters from the
materials they find

626
00:40:08,440 --> 00:40:12,429
plan and somehow bill also make the
humans

627
00:40:12,429 --> 00:40:15,079
that live inside

628
00:40:15,079 --> 00:40:19,579
maybe wolf and thousands of these man
was shipped as their car maybe millions

629
00:40:19,579 --> 00:40:20,239
in them like

630
00:40:20,239 --> 00:40:23,679
seeds to a nearby star hoping that just

631
00:40:23,679 --> 00:40:29,289
a few other a few with them actually
reach their destination

632
00:40:29,289 --> 00:40:33,949
the technology to create a human from
scratch is clearly a long way off

633
00:40:33,949 --> 00:40:37,739
but it does raise intriguing
philosophical questions

634
00:40:37,739 --> 00:40:42,219
fight should really save humans 3.7

635
00:40:42,219 --> 00:40:45,679
million species on Earth we the only
ones

636
00:40:45,679 --> 00:40:49,619
worth saving

637
00:40:49,619 --> 00:40:53,259
well and we can send the full gamut of
life on Earth

638
00:40:53,260 --> 00:40:56,750
why not simply send bacteria to distant
worlds

639
00:40:56,750 --> 00:41:00,469
and let evolution do the rest

640
00:41:00,469 --> 00:41:04,129
and who knows maybe an alien species is
already done that

641
00:41:04,130 --> 00:41:08,050
on the earth may be in your backyard
there's another ship

642
00:41:08,050 --> 00:41:11,350
from my distance star system and you
would

643
00:41:11,349 --> 00:41:14,110
never know

644
00:41:14,110 --> 00:41:17,920
wherever we wind up and whatever we
ultimately become

645
00:41:17,920 --> 00:41:21,800
the time to start planning for our
survival

646
00:41:21,800 --> 00:41:23,350
is right now

647
00:41:23,349 --> 00:41:27,880
the human imagination is taking us in
some truly amazing paths

648
00:41:27,880 --> 00:41:34,880
and the main lead us to find a way for
interstellar travel could really work

649
00:41:35,599 --> 00:41:38,639
our feet is in many ways

650
00:41:38,639 --> 00:41:41,670
were not dinosaurs we have a space
program

651
00:41:41,670 --> 00:41:43,760
were smart

652
00:41:43,760 --> 00:41:47,300
if we have colonies on other planets the
earth can be wiped out

653
00:41:47,300 --> 00:41:49,320
and humanity won't be

654
00:41:49,320 --> 00:41:52,840
in that sense our future our long-term
future

655
00:41:52,840 --> 00:41:53,789
that in our own